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Izindinganiso Zokuphepha Nokuqinisekiswa Kwezinto ZaseNkundleni Yezemidlalo | Umhlahlandlela Ophelele WeBasketball, Ithrekhi Yokugijima, i-EPDM, Utshani Bokwenziwa Nezindawo Zokudlala
Kwadalwa ngo 10.30
Izindinganiso Zokuphepha Nokuqinisekiswa Kwezinto Zokwakha Zenkundla Yemidlalo: Umhlahlandlela Ogcwele Wabathengi Bomhlaba Wonke Nokontilakhi
Lapho kutholakala izinto zokwakha indawo yezemidlalo ezikoleni, izinkundla zokudlala zikamasipala, amakilabhu ezemidlalo, izikhungo zokuzivocavoca zebhizinisi, amathenda kahulumeni kanye namaphrojekthi omhlaba wonke ezokusubatha, ukuphepha kanye nesitifiketi sangempela somuntu wesithathu yizinto ezibalulekile ezingenakuxoxwa. Izindawo zezemidlalo ezisezingeni eliphansi nezingahambisani nemithetho zinezingozi ezinkulu: ukwanda kwengozi yokulimala kwabasubathi nezingane, ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi, ukwehluleka ukuhlolwa kwasekhaya, ukubanjwa emingceleni yezimpahla, ukungafakwa emathendeni, ukulungiswa kabusha okubizayo kanye nesibopho sesikhathi eside sabakhi nabanikazi bamaphrojekthi.
Noma ngabe uthola i-silicon PU yezinkundla zangaphandle zebhasikidi nethenisi, ama-granules enjoloba ye-EPDM okwendlalelo yezindawo zokudlala ezithululiwe, izinhlelo zamathrekhi ezemidlalo ze-polyurethane, utshani bokwenziwa bezinkundla zebhola nezemidlalo eminingi, ama-rolls asendlini ezemidlalo e-PVC noma amathayela ezinkundla ahlangene, ukuqonda izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezisebenzayo, izindlela zokuhlola nemithetho yokuhambisana kuzokusiza ukuthi ukhethe izinto zokwakha ezinokwethenjelwa, ugweme izingibe zabahlinzeki futhi wenelise amaklayenti okugcina kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Afrika, e-Australia naseLatin America.
Lo mhlahlandlela ogcwele uchaza ukuphepha kokusebenza, ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali, izinhlelo zokuqinisekiswa ezilawulayo, izidingo zento ngayinye, izinqubo zokuhlola, amaphutha ajwayelekile okuhambisana nokuthobela kanye nendlela yokuqinisekisa imibiko yokuhlola yangempela yamaphrojekthi akho endawo yemidlalo.
Kungani Ukuqinisekiswa Kokuphepha Kubalulekile Ezindaweni Zemidlalo Nezindawo Zokudlala
Iphansi lezemidlalo nezindawo zokudlala liklanyelwe umsebenzi wabantu ophindaphindwayo, onomthelela omkhulu. Abasebenzisi basukela ezinganeni ezincane ezidlala ezindaweni zokudlala, kubadlali abangabafundi abaqeqesha nsuku zonke, kubadlali abangamateur kuya kubaqhudelani abangochwepheshe. Amazinga amahle ahlanganisa izigaba ezimbili eziyisisekelo: ukusebenza komzimba nokuphepha komthelela kanye nokuphepha kwamakhemikhali nemvelo.
Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha ngokomzimba kugxile ekwehliseni ingozi yokulimala ngesikhathi sokuwa nokunyakaza kwezemidlalo. Imingcele ebalulekile ehlolwayo ihlanganisa ukumunca ukushaqeka, ukunciphisa amandla, ukuguquka okuqondile, ukumelana nokushibilika, ukugxuma kwebhola, ukumelana nokuguguleka, amandla okudonsa, ukunwebeka, ukuphakama okubalulekile kokuwa, i-HIC (Isilinganiso Sokulimala Ekhanda) kanye nenani le-G-max. Lezi zilinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi indawo yokudlala inciphisa imithelela ngaphandle kokuthamba ngokweqile, igcina impendulo engaguquki yezemidlalo futhi imelana nokuguga ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yezinyawo kanye nokuchayeka esimweni sezulu.
Ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali nemvelo kunciphisa izinto eziyingozi ngaphakathi kwezibophi, izinhlayiya zenjoloba, imicu yotshani, izinto zokugcwalisa kanye nezingubo zokumboza. Ukuhlolwa kuhlola izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-PAHs (ama-hydrocarbon e-polycyclic aromatic), ama-VOC (izinhlanganisela ezingaguquki eziguqukayo), ama-plasticizer e-phthalate, i-formaldehyde, izinto ze-SVHC nezinye izithako ezinobuthi. Lokhu kuvimbela ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ukulimala kwezempilo yesikhathi eside kanye nokungcola kwemvelo, okubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zokufaka izingane.
Izitifiketi ezikhishwe amalabhorethri agunyaziwe e-ISO 17025 zisebenza njengobufakazi obubonakalayo bokuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nezidingo ezilawulwayo. Emaphrojekhini amathenda, izinkontileka zezikole kanye nemisebenzi yomphakathi, imibiko yokuhlola esemthethweni ivamise ukuba yimibhalo yokubhida eyimpoqo. Futhi yenza lula ukudluliswa kwempahla emingceleni, yakha ukuthembana nabathengi bokugcina futhi yehlukanisa abakhiqizi abahambisana nemithetho kwabahlinzeki abanikela ngezinto ezingahloliwe, ezingabizi.
Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Eziyisisekelo Zekhothi Lezemidlalo Nezinto Zokudlala
1. EN 1177:2018 – Ukunciphisa Umthelela Wendawo Yokudlala
I-EN 1177 iyindinganiso eyisisekelo yaseYurophu yezindawo zokuphepha zokugxumela ezinganeni emapaki okudlala, esetshenziswa kakhulu e-EU, e-UK, e-Ireland, e-Australia, e-New Zealand kanye namathenda amaningi ezikole zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Afrika. Ilawula i-EPDM rubber ethululiwe, amathayela enjoloba, ama-shock pads kanye nezinye izindawo zokuvikela ukuwa.
Indinganiso isebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokuwa ukukala i-Head Injury Criterion (HIC) kanye nokushesha okuphezulu (G-max). Ukuze indawo iphumelele, inani le-HIC kufanele lihlale lingaphansi kuka-1000 ekuphakameni okuwukho kokushayisana okubaluliwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma indawo yokudlala inokuphakama kokuwa okungu-1.5m, lonke uhlelo olufakiwe (ungqimba lwendawo + ungqimba olungaphansi lwe-shock) kufanele luphumelele ukuhlolwa kulelo phakamo.
Ukuqonda okungafanele: i-EN1177 ihlola uhlelo oluphelele olufakiwe, hhayi nje ama-granule e-EPDM axegayo. Ukujiya, isilinganiso se-binder, ungqimba lwesisekelo kanye nesakhiwo esingaphansi konke kuthinta umphumela wokugcina we-HIC. Umbiko wama-granule uwodwa awukwazi ukufakazela ukuthi indawo yokudlala eqediwe iyahambisana.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile: izindawo zokudlala ze-EPDM ezithululwa zimanzi, amathayela okuphepha enjoloba, ama-under-shock pads ezindawo zokudlala.
2. EN 14904: Izindawo Zemisakazo Yezemidlalo
I-EN 14904 iyindinganiso eyinhloko yaseYurophu yezindawo zokudlala eziningi zasendlini nangaphandle, ehlanganisa i-silicon PU, izinto zokumboza ze-acrylic, indawo yokudlala ye-PVC, amathayela e-modular kanye nezinhlelo zamacala asuselwa ku-resin. Isebenza kubhasikidi, ithenisi, i-badminton, i-volleyball, i-netball kanye namacala emisebenzi ehlukahlukene.
Indinganiso ihlola isethi ephelele yezinkomba zokusebenza kwezemidlalo: ukumuncwa kokushaqeka, ukuguqulwa okuqondile, ukungqubuzana kokushelela, ukungaguquguquki kokugxuma kwebhola, ukumelana nokuguga, ukuqina kombala kanye nokumelana nomthwalo wokugingqika. Imidlalo ehlukene inamazinga ahlukene okusebenza anconyiwe. Isibonelo, amacala ebhasikidi adinga ukumuncwa kokushaqeka okulinganiselayo ukuze kuvikelwe amalunga kuyilapho kugcinwa ukugxuma kwebhola okuzinzile; izindawo ze-badminton zasendlini zidinga ukumelana nokushibilika okulawulwayo ukuze kube nokunyakaza okusheshayo okuqondile.
I-EN14904 ivame ukudingeka ezindaweni zemidlalo zasemakolishi aseYurophu, ezinkundleni zomphakathi kanye namaphrojekthi okungcebeleka kamasipala. Amakhasimende amaningi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia naseLatin America nawo amukela imibiko ye-EN14904 njengobufakazi bekhwalithi.
3. EN 14808: Izindawo Zemidlalo – Ukunqunywa Kokuncipha Kwamandla
I-EN 14808 icacisa indlela yokuhlola yaselabhorethri yokulinganisa ukuncipha kwamandla ezinhlelo zotshani bokwenziwa. Ayikhawulelwe ebholeni; isebenza kakhulu kwihokhi, umbhoxo, izinkundla zotshani bokwenziwa ezisetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi kanye nezinkundla zokudlala zotshani bokwenziwa.
Ukuncipha kwamandla kutshela abathengi ukuthi uhlelo lotshani lumunca kahle kangakanani umthelela. Ukuhlolwa kuqedwa kuhlelo oluphelele: ifayibha yotshani + isisekelo + ukugcwaliswa + iphedi yokushaqeka (uma isetshenziswa). Kanye nokuhlolwa kokudonsa amanzi, ukuqina kwefayibha nokuhlolwa kokuhuzuka, i-EN14808 yakha iphakethe eliyisisekelo lokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi otshani bokwenziwa. Ezinkundleni zebhola ezikhokhelwayo, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-EN14808 ivame ukuhlanganiswa nezidingo zokuqinisekiswa kwe-FIFA.
4. I-ASTM F355 / ASTM F2772 – Amazinga Ezemidlalo Nezindawo Zokudlala zaseNyakatho Melika
I-ASTM F355 iyindinganiso eyinhloko yase-US yokuhlola ukuncipha komthelela ezindaweni zokudlala nasezindaweni zezemidlalo, ikala i-G-max ne-HIC. Icelwa kabanzi ngabathengi abavela e-USA, e-Canada nasemazweni amaningi aseLatin America. Isitifiketi se-IPEMA, ukuqinisekiswa okuvamile kwezindawo zokudlala eNyakatho Melika, sincike kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwe-ASTM F355.
I-ASTM F2772 igxile ezindaweni zangaphakathi zezemidlalo, igxile ekumunceni ukushaqeka, ukugxuma kwebhola, i-coefficient of friction kanye nokuzinza kobukhulu bezinkundla zegymnasium. Uma iklayenti lakho libhida izifunda zezikole zase-US noma amaphrojekthi okungcebeleka ase-Canada, imibiko ye-ASTM ivame ukuthandwa ngaphezu kwezindinganiso ze-EN, nakuba abanye abathengi bomphakathi bezokwamukela zombili.
5. Izitifiketi Zomfelandawonye Wochwepheshe Zezindawo Zezinga Lokuncintisana
Izindinganiso zendawo jikelele zichaza izimfuneko zokuphepha eziyisisekelo; izitifiketi zomfelandawonye zenzelwe izindawo zokuncintisana ezingeni eliphezulu.
- FIBA
- BWF
- World Athletics (eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-IAAF)
- FIFA / FIFA Quality Pro
6. Izindinganiso Zokuhambisana Namakhemikhali Zomhlaba Wonke
Ukusebenza komzimba kuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngesikhathi sokunyakaza; izindinganiso zamakhemikhali zilawula izingozi zobuthi ezifihlekile. Lezi zivame ukuba izimfuneko zezimakethe ezihlukene, hhayi ezilinganiselwe esifundeni esisodwa.
- REACH & SVHC (EU)
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-PAHs
- EN 71-3
- I-RoHS
- Ukumakwa kwe-CE
- I-ISO 9001 ne-ISO 14001
Uhlu Lokuphepha Nokuqinisekiswa Kwezinto Ngayinye
Izinto ezahlukene zezemidlalo zinezinga elihlukile lokuhambisana okubalulekile. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kukusiza ukuthi uhlangabezane ngokushesha namadokhumenti afanele ephrojekthi yekhasimende lakho.
Izinkundla ze-Silicon PU (I-Basketball, I-Tennis, Imidlalo Eminingi)
Amazinga ayisisekelo: EN14904, ukuhlolwa kwe-VOC ephansi, ukuhlolwa kwesimo sezulu nokuvimbela ukuguga. Izicelo ezijwayelekile ezengeziwe: REACH, ukuhlolwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo, ukuhlolwa kokungasheleli. Nge-basketball yezinga lokuncintisana: ukuqinisekiswa kwe-FIBA. I-Silicon PU ithandwa ezinkundleni zangaphandle ngenxa yokunwebeka okuhle nokumelana ne-UV. Abathengi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi umbiko uhlanganisa uhlelo oluphelele: i-primer + isendlalelo esinwebekayo + ijazi eliphezulu, hhayi kuphela upende wendawo ephezulu.
Ama-EPDM Rubber Granules kanye Nezindawo Zokudlala Zomhlabathi Omanzi
Amazinga ayisisekelo: ukuhlolwa komthelela we-EN1177 HIC, ukuhlolwa kwe-PAHs, ukuhlolwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo (EN71-3).Okwengeziwe: i-REACH, ukuhlolwa kokudonsa nokunwebeka kwengqimba yenjoloba eqediwe.Lokhu kuyinto yokudlala elawulwa kakhulu kunazo zonke. Abathengi abaningi bamukela ngephutha imibiko yokuhlolwa yamaqembu kuphela. Khumbuza amaklayenti akho ukuthi ukujiya kwesistimu ethululwayo kanye nesilinganiso sesibophi kushintsha ngqo imiphumela ye-HIC, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwezinga lesistimu kungcono kakhulu ekwamukelweni kwethenda.
Izinto Zokugijima ze-PU Track
Amazinga ayisisekelo: isitifiketi se-World Athletics (izinga lokuncintisana) noma amazinga okusebenza e-EN (izinga lesikole).Izivivinyo ezibalulekile: amandla okudonsa, ukunwebeka lapho kuphuka, ukumunca ukushaqeka, ukudonsa, i-VOC, ukuguga okulwa ne-UV, ukuqina kombala.Isibophi se-PU sengxenye eyodwa, ijazi lokufutha lezingxenye ezimbili kanye nezistimu zethrekhi ye-sandwich/mono-layer konke kunezidingo zokuhlolwa ezihlukene. Amaphrojekthi ethrekhi yezikole zomphakathi e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokuvamile acela izitifiketi ze-VOC ephansi nezingenabo ubuthi.
Utshani Bokwenziwa / I-Synthetic Turf
Amazinga ayisisekelo: EN14808 ukuncishiswa kwamandla, ukuhlolwa kokudonsa amanzi, ukuhlolwa kokuhuzuka kwefayibha, ukuhlolwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo. Izinkundla zebhola lezinyawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu: FIFA Quality / FIFA Quality Pro. Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe: ukumelana ne-UV, amandla okudabuka kwengemuva, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwe-infill. Utshani bokwenziwa ngaphandle kwama-shock pads afanele buzoze buhluleke ukuhlolwa komthelela ngisho uma intambo yotshani uqobo iphumelela ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali.
I-PVC Indoor Sports Roll Flooring (I-Gym, i-Badminton, i-Volleyball)
Amazinga ayisisekelo: EN14904, ukumelana nokushibilika, ukuhlolwa kokuvimbela umlilo, i-VOC ephansi. Izimfuneko ezengeziwe ezijwayelekile: RoHS, ukuhlolwa kokukhishwa kwe-formaldehyde. I-flooring yangaphakathi ifakwa ezindaweni ezivaliwe, ngakho-ke ukulawulwa kwe-VOC nephunga kuyizinto eziyisisekelo zokuthengisa ezinganeni zesikole nezikhungo zokuzivocavoca.
Indlela Yokuhlola Izitifiketi Zangempela Nokugwema Imibiko Yamanga Noma Edukisayo
Imibiko yokuhlola engamanga, ekhishwe ngokwabo noma ephelelwe yisikhathi iyinkinga esabalele embonini yezindawo zokudlala ezemidlalo. Abahlinzeki abaningi banikeza imibiko emidala, imibiko yokuhlola yezinhlobo ezahlukene zobukhulu noma amafomula, noma amadokhumenti angaphakathi ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa yinhlangano ezimele. Osonkontileka abangochwepheshe nabathengi kufanele basebenzise lolu hlu lokuhlola ngesikhathi sokuhlola umhlinzeki:
- Qinisekisa ukuthi ilabhorethri yokuhlola inokugunyazwa kwe-ISO 17025. Lokhu kugunyazwa kufakazela ukuthi imishini yokuhlola yelabhorethri, izindlela kanye nabasebenzi bayo kuhlolwa ngokuzimela.
- Hlola ukuthi umbiko usho ngokucacile ifomula yomkhiqizo eqondile, ubukhulu besendlalelo, uhlelo lokufaka kanye nokufana kweqembu lombala okuhambisana nezimpahla ozithengayo. Umbiko we-EPDM engu-13mm awukwazi ukusetshenziselwa uhlelo lokudlala olungu-20mm.
- Hlola usuku lokuhlolwa. Amathenda amaningi kahulumeni amukela imibiko ekhishwe phakathi kwezinyanga ezingama-24. Imibiko ephelelwe yisikhathi izokwenqatshwa ekubhidini.
- Hlukanisa phakathi kwesimemezelo se-CE, isitifiketi se-ISO sasefekthri kanye nombiko wokuhlolwa kokusebenza komkhiqizo. Akukho kulokhu okungangena esikhundleni sokunye.
- Cela idatha ephelele yokuhlolwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, hhayi kuphela isitifiketi esifingqiwe. Ngama-granule enjoloba, cela imibiko yezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-PAHs nezinsimbi ezisindayo kumhlinzeki wama-granule.
- Beka phambili abakhiqizi abasekela ukuthathwa kwesampula kwabantu besithathu abazimele efemini noma endaweni ngemva kokufakwa, okuvumela umthengi ukuthi ahlele ukuphinda ahlolwe ngelabhu ayikhethile.
- Qaphela amagama angacacile afana nokuthi “kuhlangabezana namazinga e-EN” ngaphandle kwenombolo ephelele yokuhlolwa, imingcele yokuhlolwa kanye namavelu e-HIC/G-max.
Izintandokazi Zesifunda Semakethe Ejwayelekile
Nakuba izindinganiso zingezomhlaba wonke, izifunda ezahlukene zinezinhlelo zazo zokuqinisekisa ezizikhethelayo, ongazisebenzisa lapho uphendula imibuzo:
- I-EU, i-UK, i-Ireland: EN1177, EN14904, EN14808, REACH, CE, PAHs, EN71-3
- I-USA, i-Canada: ASTM F355, ASTM F2772, IPEMA
- E-Australia, e-New Zealand: I-EN1177 kanye namazinga endawo e-AS/NZS ezinkundla zokudlala
- Amazwe aseGulf GCC aseMpumalanga Ephakathi: Iningi lamathenda ezikole kanye nohulumeni amukela uchungechunge lwe-EN + i-REACH + ama-PAHs
- Mpumalanga neNtshonalanga Afrika: EN1177, EN14904 zaziwa kabanzi ngezinhlelo zezikole zomphakathi
- Ningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-Latin America: Abathengi bavame ukwamukela izindinganiso ze-EN; amanye amaphrojekthi amakhulu kahulumeni azocela izinketho ze-ASTM
Ukuthobela Kwethu Nosekelo Lwethu Lobuchwepheshe
Sikhiqiza iphothifoliyo egcwele yezinto zokwakha izinkundla zemidlalo nezindawo zokudlala, okuhlanganisa amasistimu enkundla ye-silicon PU, ama-EPDM rubber granules, i-one-component PU binder, izinto zethrekhi yokugijima ezi-sandwich nezi-composite, utshani bokwenziwa kanye nama-PVC sports flooring rolls. Sihlela ukuhlolwa kwabantu besithathu ngamalabhorethri agunyaziwe e-ISO17025 kuzo zonke izindinganiso eziyinhloko zamazwe ngamazwe: EN1177, EN14904, EN14808, ASTM F355, REACH, SVHC, PAHs, ukuhlolwa kwensimbi esindayo ne-low VOC. Emaphrojekthi asezingeni eliphezulu, singasekela izicelo zokugunyazwa kwe-FIBA ne-World Athletics.
Ngaphandle kwemibiko yokuhlolwa, sinikeza amaphakethe aphelele ezobuchwepheshe: amashidi edatha ezobuchwepheshe, imihlahlandlela yokufaka, imidwebo yezigaba zokwakha, imibhalo yewaranti kanye namafomu okuhambisana nezimfuneko alungele amathenda. Ithimba lethu lezobuchwepheshe lingashintsha amafomula ezinto ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemikhawulo ethile ye-VOC, izidingo zokuphakama kokuwa noma imithetho yezokulawula yendawo yemakethe oyihlosile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza enkundleni yebhasikidi yomphakathi encane, enkundleni yokudlala yesikole, enkundleni yezemidlalo ephelele noma kuphrojekthi enkulu yotshani lwebhola, singanikeza imibhalo yokuqinisekisa ehambisanayo nokwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe ukukusiza ukuthi uwine amathenda futhi unikeze izindawo eziphephile, ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Xhumana nethimba lethu lezentengiso namuhla ukuze uthole izitifiketi eziyisampula, amafayela obuchwepheshe kanye nesilinganiso sentengo esihambisana nephrojekthi yakho yendawo yezemidlalo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Umbuzo: Yisiphi isitifiketi engisidingayo sezindawo zokudlala ze-EPDM eYurophu?Impendulo: Iphakethe lesisekelo i-EN1177 system impact test, i-REACH SVHC screening, i-PAHs test kanye ne-heavy metal test ku-EN71-3. Isimemezelo se-CE siyadingeka futhi ukuze kufakwe emakethe ye-EU.
Umbuzo: Yisiphi isindinganiso esisebenza ezinkundleni zebhasikidi ze-silicon PU zangaphandle?Impendulo: I-EN14904 iyisindinganiso sokusebenza esiyinhloko sezinkundla zokuqeqesha ezijwayelekile nezesikole. Uma iklayenti lakho lidinga ukugunyazwa kwezinga lokuncintisana, isitifiketi se-FIBA siyadingeka.
Umbuzo: Ingabe izitifiketi ze-EN1177 zivumelekile emathendeni ezinkundla zokudlala zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi?Impendulo: Yebo. Iningi lamaphrojekthi kahulumeni wezikole aseGCC, eMpumalanga Afrikha naseNtshonalanga Afrikha amukela i-EN1177 kanye nemibiko ye-PAHs nezinsimbi ezisindayo.
Umbuzo: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesitifiketi se-World Athletics nombiko ojwayelekile wokuhlolwa kwethrekhi yokugijima?Impendulo: Isitifiketi se-World Athletics isitifiketi esisemthethweni, esibhalisiwe somkhiqizo wamathrekhi omncintiswano. Imibiko yokusebenza ejwayelekile ye-EN yanele kumathrekhi amaningi okuqeqesha ezikole nezindawo ezingezona ezomncintiswano.
Umbuzo: Ngingasebenzisa umbiko wokuhlolwa kwamagranule endaweni yokudlala emanzi eqediwe?Impendulo: Cha. I-EN1177 ihlola uhlelo lonke olufakiwe, kuhlanganise nokujiya, isilinganiso sesibophi kanye nepad yokushaqeka yesisekelo. Imibiko yamakhemikhali yamagranule kuphela ayikwazi ukufakazela ukuphepha kokushaqeka.
Xhumana
Ngenisa iziphakamiso zakho futhi sizokuxhumana nawe.
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